Force may
be defined simply as a push or a pull; the push or pull may result from
the force of contact between bodies or from a force, such as magnetism
or gravitation, in which no direct contact takes place.
In second angle, both top and front view are drawn above the x-line whereas in fourth angle its vice versa. In second and fourth angle method, top view and front view overlaps. hence we never use those methods. In first angle method, front view lies above the x-line and top view lies below. vice versa for third angle. As both the views lies on either side of x-line in first & third angle, we make use of these methods. (Abdul Karim)
Torque or moment of a force is a measure of the tendency of the force to rotate the body upon which it acts about an axis. The magnitude of the moment due to a force acting in a plane perpendicular to some axis is obtained by multiplying the force by the perpendicular distance from the axis to the line of action of the force. (If the axis of rotation is not perpendicular to the plane of the force, then the components of the force in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation are used to find the resultant moment of the force by finding the moment of each component and adding these component moments algebraically.) Moment or torque is commonly expressed in pound-feet, pound-inches, kilogram-meters, etc. The metric SI unit is the newton-meter (N · m).
Advanced product quality planning (or APQP ) is a framework of procedures and techniques used to develop products in industry, particularly the automotive industry. It is quite similar to the concept of Design for Six Sigma (DFSS). It is a defined process for a product development system for General Motors, Ford, Chrysler and their suppliers. According to the Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG), the purpose of APQP is "to produce a product quality plan which will support development of a product or service that will satisfy the customer." The process is described in the AIAG manual The Objectives of APQP Some of the bottom line goals of product quality planning are... effective communications with all those who are involved in the implementation scheme. timely completion of required goals. minimal or no quality problems. minimal risks related to quality during product launch. Phases of APQP They include... ...
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