Force may
be defined simply as a push or a pull; the push or pull may result from
the force of contact between bodies or from a force, such as magnetism
or gravitation, in which no direct contact takes place.
In second angle, both top and front view are drawn above the x-line whereas in fourth angle its vice versa. In second and fourth angle method, top view and front view overlaps. hence we never use those methods. In first angle method, front view lies above the x-line and top view lies below. vice versa for third angle. As both the views lies on either side of x-line in first & third angle, we make use of these methods. (Abdul Karim)
Advanced product quality planning (or APQP ) is a framework of procedures and techniques used to develop products in industry, particularly the automotive industry. It is quite similar to the concept of Design for Six Sigma (DFSS). It is a defined process for a product development system for General Motors, Ford, Chrysler and their suppliers. According to the Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG), the purpose of APQP is "to produce a product quality plan which will support development of a product or service that will satisfy the customer." The process is described in the AIAG manual The Objectives of APQP Some of the bottom line goals of product quality planning are... effective communications with all those who are involved in the implementation scheme. timely completion of required goals. minimal or no quality problems. minimal risks related to quality during product launch. Phases of APQP They include... ...
Production part approval process ( PPAP ) is used in the automotive supply chain for establishing confidence in component suppliers and their production processes, by means of demonstrating that: "....all customer engineering design record and specification requirements are properly understood by the supplier and that the process has the potential to produce product consistently meeting these requirements during an actual production run at the quoted production rate." Although individual manufacturers have their own particular requirements, the Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) has developed a common PPAP standard as part of the advanced product quality planning (APQP) – and encouraging the use of common terminology and standard forms to document project status. The PPAP process is designed to demonstrate that the component supplier has developed their design and production process to meet the client's requirements, minimising the risk of failure by ...
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